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Tropical hardwood hammock
Tropical hardwood hammocks are closed canopy forests, dominated by a diverse assemblage of evergreen and semi-deciduous tree and shrub species, mostly of West Indian origin. Tropical hardwood hammocks are found nearly throughout the southern half of South Florida, with large concentrations in Dade County on the Miami Rock Ridge, in Dade and Monroe counties in the Florida Keys and along the northern shores of Florida Bay, and in the Pinecrest region of the Big Cypress Swamp.
They are not fire maintained communities, although fire may burn into tropical hardwood hammocks under certain conditions. Tropical hardwood hammocks are habitat for a few endemic plants, and are critical habitat for many West Indian plant species when the northernmost portions of their ranges extend into South Florida. Tropical hardwood hammocks also provide important habitat for many species of wildlife, including nine federally listed species. While the majority of the remaining tropical hardwood hammocks outside the Florida Keys have now been acquired, hammocks are still significantly threatened by development in the Keys. Tropical hardwood hammocks have been heavily impacted by outright destruction, conversion to agriculture, exotic plant and animal species, collecting pressure on plants and animals, anthropogenic fires, and alterations in hydrology. Significant work has now been initiated to restore existing disturbed tropical hardwood hammocks and to control exotic plant species. Numerous opportunities also exist to create or maintain tropical hardwood hammocks within the developed landscape.
==Synonymy==
The following terms have been applied in whole or in part to the plant communities of South Florida that are included in this account of tropical hardwood hammock: coastal berm, coastal rock barren, rockland hammock, sinkhole, shell mound (FNAI and Florida Department of Natural Resources 1990); 422-other hardwood forest (Florida Department of Administration 1976); tropical hammock (Soil and Water Conservation Service 1989); tropical rockland hammock (Snyder ''et al.''. 1990); hammock forest (Duever ''et al.''. 1979); coastal strand forest (Ross ''et al.''. 1992); coastal berm, coastal rock barren (Kruer 1992); fan palm hammock, madeira hammock, buttonwood hammock (Olmsted ''et al.'' 1981); tropical hammock (Ward 1979); buttonwood hammock, madeira hammock (Craighead 1971); hammock forest, Everglades tree island (Davis 1943), banana hole, high hammock, low hammock (Harshberger 1914). In the Bahamas, analogous communities include coastal rock communities, coastal coppice, whiteland, and blackland (Correll and Correll 1982). The FLUCCS codes included in the tropical hardwood hammocks are: 422 (Brazilian pepper), 426 (tropical hardwoods), and 433 (western Everglades hardwoods).
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